Question 2. : What pulmonary defense mechanism propels a mucous blanket that entraps particles moving toward the oropharynx?
Nasal turbinates
Alveolar macrophages
Cilia
Irritant receptors on the nares
Question 3. : The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins?
IgE
IgG
IgM
T cells
Question 4. : Which of the following describes how the body compensates for anemia?
Increasing rate and depth of breathing
Decreasing capillary vasoconstriction
Hemoglobin holding more firmly onto oxygen
Kidneys releasing more erythropoietin
Question 5. : Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than the rate of output of lean adults.
The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.
Question 6. : Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response?
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Question 7. : What is the treatment of choice for pernicious anemia (PA)?
Cyanocobalamin by oral intake
Vitamin B12 by injection
Ferrous fumarate by Z-track injection
Folate by oral intake
Question 8. : Which sexually transmitted infection frequently coexists with gonorrhea?
Syphilis
Herpes simplex virus
Chlamydia
Chancroid
Question 9. : During an infection, why do lymph nodes enlarge and become tender?
B lymphocytes proliferate.
The nodes are inflamed.
The nodes fill with purulent exudate.
The nodes are not properly functioning.
Question 10. : Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Question 11. : What is the suggested mean blood pressure for an 8- to 9-year-old child?
104/55 mm Hg
106/58 mm Hg
112/62 mm Hg
121/70 mm Hg
Question 12. : Stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the secretion of:
Epinephrine and aldosterone
Norepinephrine and cortisol
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Acetylcholine and cortisol
Question 13. : Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by what type of infection?
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Influenzavirus
Adenoviruses
Rhinovirus
Question 14. : What is the function of erythrocytes?
Tissue oxygenation
Hemostasis
Infection control
Allergy response
Question 15. : The tonic neck reflex observed in a newborn should no longer be obtainable by:
2 years
1 year
10 months
5 months
Question 16. Where are Kupffer cells located?
Kidneys
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
Question 17. Stress-induced norepinephrine results in:
Pupil constriction
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Increased sweat gland secretions
Decreased blood pressure
Question 18. Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system?
Decreased flow resistance
Fewer alveoli
Stiffening of the chest wall
Improved elastic recoil
Question 19. Which statement accurately describes childhood asthma?
An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray imaging
A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
An obstructive airway disease characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency
Question 20. In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells?
Thymus gland
Regional lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen
Question 21. Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host DNA is the cause of which disease?
Hemolytic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Myasthenia gravis
Question 22. Where are Langerhans cells found?
Skin
Intestinal lining
Kidney
Thyroid
Question 23. What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?
Nausea
Fatigue
Hair loss
Weight loss
Question 24. Cystic fibrosis is caused by which process?
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Infection
Malignancy
Question 25. What is the primary cause of the symptoms of polycythemia vera?
Decreased erythrocyte count
Destruction of erythrocytes
Increased blood viscosity
Neurologic involvement
Question 26. What term is used to describe a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst that contains meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord through a defect in a posterior arch of a vertebra?
Encephalocele
Meningocele
Spina bifida occulta
Myelomeningocele
Question 27. How is the effectiveness of vitamin B12 therapy measured?
Reticulocyte count
Serum transferring
Hemoglobin
Serum vitamin B12
Question 28. The ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host is referred to as:
Infectivity
Toxigenicity
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Question 29. Which is an example of an endogenous antigen?
Yeast
Cancer cells
Bacteria
Fungus
Question 30. Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions?
IgA
IgE
IgG
IgM
Question 31. Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation process?
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Erythrocytes
Question 32. Which renal change is found in older adults?
Sharp decline in glomerular filtration rate
Sharp decline in renal blood flow
Decrease in the number of nephrons
Decrease in urine output
Question 33. A hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response is called:
Hemolytic shock
Anaphylaxis
Necrotizing vasculitis
Systemic erythematosus
Question 34. What period follows depolarization of the myocardium and represents a period during which no new cardiac potential can be propagated?
Refractory
Hyperpolarization
Threshold
Sinoatrial (SA)
Question 35. What is the most common predisposing factor to obstructive sleep apnea in children?
Chronic respiratory infections
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
Obligatory mouth breathing
Paradoxic breathing
Question 36. Kidney stones in the upper part of the ureter would produce pain referred to which anatomical area?
Vulva or penis
Umbilicus
Thighs
Lower abdomen
Question 37. Aspiration is most likely to occur in the right mainstem bronchus because it:
Extends vertically from the trachea.
Is narrower than the left mainstem bronchus.
Comes into contact with food and drink first.
Is located at the site where the bronchi bifurcate.
Question 38. Blood cells that differentiate into macrophages are known as:
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Question 39. What characteristic do atopic individuals have that make them genetically predisposed to develop allergies?
Greater quantities of histamine
More histamine receptors
Greater quantities of IgE
A deficiency in epinephrine
Question 40. Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed pressure in which structure before the left ventricle can eject blood?
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Question 41. How does chest wall compliance in an infant differ from that of an adult?
An adult’s chest wall compliance is lower than an infant’s.
An adult’s chest wall compliance is higher than an infant’s.
An adult’s chest wall compliance is the same as an infant’s.
An adult’s chest wall compliance is dissimilar to that of an infant’s.
Question 42. In a full-term infant, the normal erythrocyte life span is _____ days, whereas the adult erythrocyte life span is _____ days.
30 to 50; 80
60 to 80; 120
90 to 110; 140
120 to 130; 150
Question 43. Which type of microorganism reproduces on the skin?
Viruses
Bacteria and fungi
Protozoa and Rickettsiae
Mycoplasma
Question 44. An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) would likely exhibit which symptom?
Intermittent murmur
Lack of symptoms
Need for surgical repair
Triad of congenital defects
Question 45. Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel?
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Coronary veins
Question 46. : Why is the herpes virus inaccessible to antibodies after the initial infection?
The virus does not circulate in the blood.
It does not have antibody receptors.
It resists agglutination.
The virus is a soluble antigen.
